电磁阀原理、操作和应用介绍（中英文）

一、什么是电磁阀？ / What are Solenoid Valves?

电磁阀是一种开/关机电操作阀，由电磁执行器（螺线管）和阀体组成。螺线管柱塞组件是负责打开和关闭阀门的阀门执行器。该致动器可以以柱塞动作只能打开或关闭的方式布置。没有中间或中间位置，因此螺线管无法节流。阀体由与过程流体接触的承压部件组成。

螺线管将电能转换为机械拉/推动作。它由紧紧缠绕在铁芯上的线圈和铁磁插头或柱塞组成。组件因设计而异。当电流通过线圈时，会产生磁场。磁力线可以想象成一系列以电流轴为方向的圆圈。如果电流沿环状线圈流动，则圆圈组合形成如下所示的磁场。

A solenoid valve is an on/off electromechanically operated valve which consists of an electromagnetic actuator (solenoid) and a valve body. The solenoid-plunger assembly is the valve actuator responsible for opening and closing the valve. This actuator can be arranged in such a way that the plunger action can either open or close only. There is no intermediate, or in-between position, so there is no way for a solenoid to throttle flow. The valve body consists of the pressure containing parts in-contact with the process fluid.

The solenoid converts electrical energy into a mechanical pull/push action. This consists of a coil of wire tightly wrapped around an iron core, and a ferromagnetic plug or plunger. Components vary depending on the design. As an electrical current passes through the coil, a magnetic field is generated. The magnetic field lines can be imagined as a series of circles with the direction of its current axis. In the case of a flowing current along a looped coil, the circles combine forming the magnetic field shown below.

添加更多回路将增加磁力线或磁通量。这增加了螺线管的电磁力，这也意味着更多的力来驱动阀门。

另一种增加吸引力的方法是增加流过线圈的电流量。这是通过增加进入螺线管的电源电压来完成的。电磁阀可以使用直流或交流操作。常见的直流电压有6、12、24和240伏；而 60Hz 的交流电是 24、120、240 和 480 伏。

Adding more loops will increase the amount of magnetic field lines or flux. This increases the electromagnetic force of the solenoid, which also means more force for actuating the valve.

Another way to increase the force of attraction is to increase the amount of current flowing through the coil. This is done by increasing the supply voltage into the solenoid. Solenoids valves can operate with either DC or AC. Common DC voltages are 6, 12, 24 and 240 volts; while AC at 60Hz are 24, 120, 240 and 480 volts.

比例电磁阀 / Proportional solenoid valves

比例电磁阀是一种特殊类型的电磁阀，可根据电输入提供平稳连续的流量或压力变化。这种类型可归类为控制阀。电磁阀要成为比例阀，必须控制柱塞位置。它是通过通常由弹簧产生的外力平衡柱塞来实现的。弹簧将压缩直到外力等于螺线管的电磁力。如果必须控制柱塞的位置，则必须改变电流，从而导致弹簧上的力不平衡。弹簧将压缩或拉伸，直到建立力平衡。

这种类型的一个问题是摩擦的影响。摩擦会破坏电磁力和弹簧力的平稳平衡。为了抵消这种影响，使用了特殊的电子控制。用于电磁阀比例控制特性的常用方法是脉宽调制或PWM。将 PWM 信号用作控制输入会导致螺线管以非常快的速度连续通电和断电。这使柱塞处于振荡状态，从而使柱塞处于稳定位置。以改变柱塞的位置。螺线管的开和关状态（也称为占空比）受到控制。

与普通的开/关电磁阀不同，比例电磁阀用于需要自动流量控制的应用，例如比例气动执行器、节流阀、燃烧器控制等。

Proportional solenoid valves are a special type of solenoid valve that provides a smooth and continuous variation in flow or pressure in response to the electrical input. This type can be classified as a control valve. For a solenoid valve to become a proportional valve, the plunger position must be controlled. It is achieved by balancing the plunger through an external force usually done by a spring. The spring will compress until the external force is equal to the electromagnetic force of the solenoid. If the position of the plunger must be controlled, the current must be changed resulting in an imbalanced force on the spring. The spring will compress or stretch until force balance is established.

One problem with this type is the effects of friction. Friction disrupts the smooth balancing of the electromagnetic and spring forces. To negate this effect, special electronic control is used. Common method used to solenoid valves proportional control characteristics is pulse width modulation or PWM. Applying PWM signal as the control input causes the solenoid to energize and de-energize successively at a very fast rate. This puts the plunger in oscillation which nets into a stable position. In order to change the position of the plunger. The on and off states of the solenoid, also termed duty cycle, are controlled.

Unlike ordinary on/off solenoid valves, proportional solenoid valves are used in applications where automated flow control is required such as proportional pneumatic actuators, throttle valves, burner controls, and so forth.

二、电磁阀组件 / Solenoid Valve Components

如前所述，电磁阀可分为两个主要部分：电磁阀和阀体。螺线管只是手动、气动、液压等多种执行器中的一种。根据所需的动作类型，螺线管具有不同的部件。另一方面，每个阀门的阀体部件大致相同，但设计和材料不同。下面列出的是一般的电磁阀和阀体组件。

A solenoid valve, as mentioned earlier, can be separated into two major parts: the solenoid and the valve body. The solenoid is just one type in a variety of actuators such as manual, pneumatic, hydraulic and so forth. The solenoids have varying parts depending on the type of action required. The valve body components, on the other hand, are the same for every valve but with different designs and materials. Listed below are the general solenoid and valve body components.

三、电磁阀操作类型 / Types of Solenoid Valve Operations

电磁阀是根据它们的驱动模式、流路的数量和方向来描述的。按前者分别有直动式、内部先导式和外部先导式。

Solenoid valves are described according to their mode of actuation, and number and direction of flow paths. This chapter discusses the former, namely direct-acting, internally piloted and externally piloted.

直动式 / Direct-acting

对于这种类型的电磁阀，静压力会随着孔口尺寸的增加而增加。静压的增加需要更强的电磁铁动作；因此，更强的磁场。这意味着对于给定的流体压力，更大的流量需要更大的螺线管。流体压力和流量然后与所需的螺线管尺寸成正比。这种类型的电磁阀通常用于流量和操作压力较小的应用。

With this type of solenoid valve, the static pressure forces increase as the orifice size increases. The increase in static pressure requires a stronger solenoid action; thus, a stronger magnetic field. This means for a given fluid pressure, larger flow rates require larger solenoids. The fluid pressure and flow rate then becomes directly proportional to the required size of the solenoid. This type of solenoid valve is usually used for applications with small flow rates and operating pressures.

内部先导 / Internally Piloted

对于高流量和高压应用，使用内部先导电磁阀。在这种类型的阀门中，通过阀门的压力打开或关闭阀门。为此，安装了一个节流孔或一个平衡孔。通常的设计涉及孔口上的核心阻塞流。当阀门关闭时，流体通过孔口，压力在隔膜两侧增加。只要流体流动受阻，由于隔膜顶部的有效面积较大，就会产生关闭力。当阀门打开时，核心打开孔口，压力从隔膜顶部释放。然后管线压力打开阀门。

For high flow rate and high pressure applications, internally piloted solenoid valves are used. In this type of valve, pressure across the valve opens or closes the valve. To achieve this, an orifice or an equalizing hole is installed. The usual design involves the core blocking flow on the orifice. When the valve is closed, the fluid passes through the orifice and pressure builds up on both sides of the diaphragm. As long as fluid flow is blocked, a shut-off force is created due to the larger effective area on top of the diaphragm. When the valve is opened, the core opens the orifice and pressure is relieved from the top of the diaphragm. The line pressure then opens the valve.

外部先导 / Externally Piloted

这种类型的阀门采用与内部先导阀相同的概念，但用于驱动阀门的压力来自外部源的流体。一个单独的流体回路通过一个额外的端口集成到阀门中。

内先导式和外先导式电磁阀均称为间接或伺服辅助阀，其主要驱动力来自于阀门上游和下游之间的压差。

This type of valve applies the same concept from internally piloted valves, but the pressure used to actuate the valve comes from a fluid from an external source. A separate fluid circuit is integrated to the valve through an extra port.

Both the internal and external piloted solenoid valves are called indirect or servo-assisted valves where the main actuating force comes for the differential pressure between upstream and downstream of the valve.

半直接作用 / Semi-direct Acting

半直动式结合了直接作用阀和间接作用阀的原理。除了来自螺线管的磁力外，阀门两端的压差有助于打开或关闭阀门。当柱塞被驱动时，隔膜被提升以打开阀门。同时，一个孔口打开，导致隔膜顶部的压力释放。通过柱塞关闭该孔口会在关闭阀门的隔膜顶部产生更大的压力。

Semi-direct acting combines the principles of direct and indirect acting valves. Aside from the magnetic force from the solenoid, pressure differential across the valve assists in opening or closing the valve. When the plunger is actuated, the diaphragm is lifted to open the valve. At the same time, an orifice is opened causing pressure to be relieved on top of the diaphragm. Closing this orifice by the plunger creates a larger pressure on top of the diaphragm closing the valve.

四、不同的电磁阀电路功能 / Different Solenoid Valve Circuit Functions

电磁阀的特点还在于其流路或电路功能。电磁阀可以打开、关闭、分配或混合此类别的流体。要更好地了解电磁阀电路功能，首先必须看一下标准化的电磁阀符号。

ISO，或国际标准化组织，是标准化机构的全球联合会。他们与 IEC（国际电工委员会）合作，制定了符号标准和规则，用于设计用于元件和电路图中的流体动力符号。该标准为 ISO 1219。

Solenoid valves are also characterized by its flow path or circuit function. Solenoid valves can open, close, distribute or mix fluids as expressed by this category. To better understand solenoid circuit functions, one must first take a look at the standardized solenoid valve symbols.

ISO, or the International Organization for Standardization, is a worldwide federation of standardization bodies. In collaboration with the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), they created a standard of symbols and rules for devising fluid power symbols for use on components and in circuit diagrams. This standard is ISO 1219.

在上面的符号中，绿色框表示阀门的位置数。另一方面，箭头指示流动方向。蓝色箭头表示加压流动，而红色表示排气。紫色的 T 线是关闭的端口。

In the symbol above, the green boxes represent the number of positions of the valve. The arrows, on the other hand, indicates the direction of flow. The blue arrow means pressurized flow, while the red means exhaust. The purple T-lines are the closed ports.

以下是按电路功能分类的常见电磁阀类型。

The following are the common types of solenoid valves according to circuit function.

二通电磁阀 / Two-way Solenoid Valves

这种类型的电磁阀有一个上游端口和一个下游端口，用于阻止或允许流体流动。电磁阀可配置为常开和常闭；正常状态是指断电状态。常开阀在断电时打开，在通电时关闭。常闭阀则相反。

This type of solenoid valve has one upstream and one downstream port and is used to block or allow fluid flow. The solenoid valve can be configured as normally open and normally closed; normal state means the de-energized state. A normally open valve opens when de-energized and closes when energized. The opposite is true for normally closed valves.

三通电磁阀 / Three-way Solenoid Valves

三通电磁阀有三个端口：入口（压力端口）、排气和出口（执行器端口）。这些用于交替地从执行器或下游设备施加和排出压力。三通电磁阀也可配置为常开和常闭，增加了通用功能。对于常开型三通阀，当阀门断电时，流体从入口流向出口，而排气口关闭。通电时，进气口关闭，出气口与排气口相连。常闭阀则相反。另一方面，通用功能用于选择从一个端口到另一个端口的流向。

Three-way solenoid valves have three ports: inlet (pressure port), exhaust and outlet (actuator port). These are used to alternately apply and exhaust pressure from an actuator or downstream equipment. Three-way solenoid valves can also be configured as normally open and normally closed, with the addition of a universal function. For a normally open three-way valve, when the valve is de-energized, fluid flows from the inlet port to the outlet port, while the exhaust port is closed. When energized, the inlet port is closed, and the outlet port connects to the exhaust port. The opposite is true for normally closed valves. The universal function, on the other hand, is used for selecting the direction of flow from one port to another.

四通电磁阀 / Four-way Solenoid Valves

四通电磁阀有四个端口：入口（压力端口）、两个出口或执行器端口和一个排气端口。有些设计有两个排气口。在这种类型的配置中，没有常开或常闭。流量要么流向第一个出口端口，要么流向第二个出口端口。

Four-way solenoid valves have four ports: inlet (pressure port), two outlet or actuator ports, and an exhaust port. Some designs have two exhaust ports. In this type of configuration, there is no normally open or close. Flow either goes to the first outlet port or to the second.

请注意，这些类型的阀门，无论是二通阀、三通阀还是四通阀，都可以是直接或间接作用的。

Note that these types of valves, either two-, three- or four-way valves, may either be direct or indirect acting.

五、常见应用 / Common Applications

使用电磁阀的主要优点是其外形紧凑且易于控制。几乎所有需要远程控制的行业都使用电磁阀。

The main advantage of using solenoid valves is its compact profile and ease of control. Almost all industries that require remote control use solenoid valves.

气动和液压回路 / Pneumatic and Hydraulic Circuits

电磁阀用于停止或允许沿回路供应空气或液体（通常是油或制冷剂）。此类别下的常见应用是制冷、空气压缩和润滑系统。制冷剂回路的示例如下所示。

Solenoid valves are used to stop or allow supply of air or liquid (usually oil or refrigerant) along a circuit. Common applications under this category are refrigeration, air compression and lubrication systems. An example of a refrigerant circuit can be seen below.

自动化 / Automation

每当必须自动控制流体流动时，都会使用电磁阀，例如在机器人技术或工厂自动化中。这些电磁阀由具有一组编码动作的微控制器或可编程逻辑电路控制。这种对流体流动的控制允许机器人精确、准确地执行定义的动作序列。

Solenoid valves are used whenever fluid flow must be controlled automatically, such as in robotics or factory automation. These solenoid valves are controlled by microcontrollers or programmable logic circuits with a coded set of actions. This control of fluid flow allows a defined sequence of actions to be executed precisely and accurately by a robot.

工业和制造工厂阀门执行器 / Industrial and Manufacturing Plant Valve Actuators

对于电磁阀不能处理的流体，通常使用气动、液压和电机执行器。然而，由于使用螺线管易于控制，电磁阀被集成到气动和液压阀执行器中。工厂中的控制阀通常由电磁阀控制的压缩空气系统驱动。

For fluids that cannot be handled by solenoid valves, pneumatic, hydraulic and motor actuators are commonly used. However, due to the ease of control using solenoids, solenoid valves are integrated into pneumatic and hydraulic valves actuators. Control valves in industrial plants are usually actuated by a compressed air system controlled by solenoid valves.

医疗、制药和食品制造 / Medical, Pharmaceutical and Food Manufacturing

电磁阀在医疗设备中的常见用途是用于透析机、麻醉机和呼吸机系统的定制阀门。制药和食品加工使用符合卫生要求的电磁阀。

Common uses of solenoid valves in medical equipment are custom valves for dialysis machines, anesthesia machines and ventilator systems. Pharmaceuticals and food processing use solenoid valves complying with hygienic requirements.

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